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Values scale
Values scales are psychological inventories used to determine the values that people endorse in their lives. They facilitate the understanding of both work and general values that individuals uphold. In addition, they assess the importance of each value in people’s lives and how the individual strives toward fulfillment through work and other life roles, such as parenting.〔Super, Donald and Dorothy D. Nevill. “Brief Description of Purpose and Nature of Test.” ''Consulting Psychologists Press.'' 1989: 3-10. Print.〕 Most scales have been normalized and can therefore be used cross-culturally for vocational, marketing, and counseling purposes, yielding unbiased results.〔Beatty, Sharon E., et al. “Alternative Measurement Approaches to Consumer Values: The List of Values and the Rokeach Value Survey.” Psychology and Marketing. 1985: 181-200. Web.〕 Values scales are used by psychologists, political scientists, economists, and others interested in defining values, determining what people value, and evaluating the ultimate function or purpose of values.〔Johnston, Charles S. “The Rokeach Value Survey: Underlying Structure and Multidimensional Scaling.” ''The Journal of Psychology.'' 1995: 583-597. Print.〕
== Development ==
Values scales were first developed by an international group of psychologists whose goal was to create a unique self-report instrument that measured intrinsic and extrinsic values for use in the lab and in the clinic. The psychologists called their project the Work Importance Study (WIS). The original values scale measured the following values, listed in alphabetical order: ability utilization, achievement, advancement, aesthetics, altruism, authority, autonomy, creativity, cultural identity, economic rewards, economic security, life style, personal development, physical activity, physical prowess, prestige, risk, social interaction, social relations, variety, and working conditions. Some of the listed values were intended to be inter-related, but conceptually differentiable.〔
Since the original Work Importance Study, several scientists have supplemented the study by creating their own scale or by deriving and improving the original format. Theorists and psychologists often study values, values scales, and the field surrounding values, otherwise known as axiology.〔Kopelman, Richard E., et al. “The Study of Values: Construction of the fourth edition.” ''Journal of Vocational Behavior.'' 2003: 203-220. Print.〕 New studies have even been published recently, updating the work in the field. Dr. Eda Gurel-Atay published an article in the ''Journal of Advertising Research'' in March 2010, providing a glimpse into how social values have changed between 1976 and 2007. The paper explained how “self-respect” has been on the upswing, while “a sense of belonging” has become less important to individuals.〔Gurel-Atay, Eda. “Changes in Social Values in the United States: 1976-2007, Self-Respect is on the Upswing as “A Sense of Belonging” Becomes Less Important.” ''Journal of Advertising Research.'' 2010: 57-67. Print.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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